Demand and supply simulations considering detailed forecast, scheduling and control functions for Japanese Power System with a massive integration of renewable energy sources

A demand and supply simulator is developed to evaluate the effectiveness of various countermeasures against the balancing problems caused by the large integration of variable renewable energy sources (VRES). In our study, photovoltaic and wind power generation output pattern is modeled based on the actual data obtained at physical sites and forecast data from Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA), to realistically reflect their fluctuation characteristics. One of the benefits of our digital simulator is that it reflects the typical Japanese central dispatching control center's methodologies including week-ahead, day-ahead, and hour-ahead scheduling process based on the latest forecast data available on each time horizon. Above all, not only PV output curtailment but also demand shifting and utilization of battery storages are taken into consideration. In conclusion, PV output curtailment is found to be the most cost-effective in many cases, still there is a room for batteries to be economical when CO
₂
emission cost spikes.