Theory of the clinotron: A grating backward-wave oscillator with inclined electron beam

A nonlinear theory of the clinotron, which is a modification of the backward-wave oscillator (BWO), is presented. The problem of electron-wave interaction is treated in a self-consistent formulation. Theoretical results are presented on starting conditions, steady-state oscillations, and temperature regimes. Potentials of the clinotron for further upgrading of efficiency and output power are examined.