Electric vehicle smart charging aims for CO2 emission reduction?

In this paper, a methodology for electric vehicle charging by minimizing CO
₂
emissions and minimizing charging electricity costs is presented in an actual Nordic electricity market environment. The target of the paper is to illustrate the difference of smart charging and dumb charging schemes from the perspectives of CO
₂
emissions and electricity end-user electricity costs. The study takes advantage of a national transportation survey and actual electricity market data including generation-type-specific CO
₂
information.