ECM calls for HPM vacuum tubes

The trend towards the use of solid-state amplifiers in the fields of ECM has accelerated in recent years. One can not ignore the fact that more and more solid-state devices are being used in multi-beam jammer or phased array stand off jamming equipment. However, ECM calls for HPM vacuum tubes. This paper compares the use of HPM tubes with that of solid-state devices in ECM applications. The concept of ECM is expanded with the introduction of HPM. A brief study shows that it is necessary to develop HPM tubes.