A Novel Multiple Watermarking Algorithm for Patient Identification and Integrity Control

A novel multiple watermarking scheme based on spatial and discrete cosine transform domains is proposed. The scheme allows the radiologist to define regions of interest to keep diagnostic value intact. The rest part of the image casts multiple watermarks conveying the patient's identification (ID) for ownership detection, and additional information for the purpose of integrity control and source authentication. In order to increase data robustness, each single digit in patient's ID is represented using a unique binary code and all the codes are highly uncorrelated to each others. The experimental results demonstrate the efficiency of the scheme in terms of robustness, imperceptibility, and integrity control.