Innovation of Switched-Capacitor Voltage Multiplier: Part 3: State of the Art of Switching Circuits and Applications of Charge Pumps

In Parts 1 and 2 of this series, a brief history of the switched-capacitor voltage multiplier and the fundamentals of the charge pump have been discussed. In this Part 3, the state of the art of switching circuits and applications of charge pumps are reviewed. The threshold voltage of the switching devices degrades the output current and power efficiency, as discussed in Part 2. Thus, reducing the effect of the threshold voltage has been challenging for charge pump design especially for low-voltage operation. This article begins with some state-of-the-art active rectifier designs.