Estimating bulk dielectric properties of biological tissues at microwave frequencies

Estimating the dielectric properties of biological tissues at microwave frequencies is of interest for numerous applications. Conventional coaxial probe methods perform local measurements which are of limited use for heterogeneous or layered materials common in biological tissues. To overcome this, a dedicated antenna system and calibration technique capable of estimating bulk dielectric properties of biological tissues has been developed. Dielectric properties of heterogeneous ex vivo biological tissues were estimated using the antenna system.