Off-Axis Characteristics of CPV Modules Result From Lens-Cell Misalignment—Measurement and Monte Carlo Simulation

Concentrator photovoltaics (CPV) requires accuracy in optical alignment. Optical misalignment in the module was measured and analyzed. Such information was useful to identify assembly problems and improved module performance. A Monte Carlo simulation was developed to analyze the impact of alignment errors by assembly errors. The simulation result implied that the key statistical parameters for module performance were not averaged errors but the standard deviation and the worst value. “Cutting above certain level” was effective, including the introduction of jigs that keep misalignment at a certain level. The standard deviation of misalignment should be controlled to less than 20% of the designed acceptance half angle.