Comparison of beamforming algorithms for retro-directive arrays with faulty elements

This paper compares the performance of beamforming techniques applied to linear microstrip arrays under normal operation and for the case of faulty elements. The techniques are compared in terms of viability of implementation in embedded systems, such as an FPGA development board, and in terms of beamforming performance. The pattern optimizations considered aimed at steering the main beam, controlling the side lobe level and maximizing directivity. After numerical investigations, it is demonstrated that satisfactory results are obtained by both techniques for small steering angles (up to 30°). The pattern deterioration in case of failure of one element cannot be fully compensated, but both optimization techniques are able to improve radiation performance significantly.