Dynamical structures of integral pulse frequency modulation (IPFM) model with its applications to physiological systems

In this work, an integral pulse frequency modulation(IPFM) model for physiological systems is studied from the viewpoint of nonlinear dynamics. Rich dynamical structures were found from the model while some model parameters varied, and five features including fix points, periods, bifurcations, period-three windows and quasi-periodicity were observed in the study. Because period-three windows in nonlinear systems are associated with chaos, it is postulated that chaos may occur in this IPFM system at some values of model parameters. The IPFM model has been used for modeling some physiological phenomena, and the results of this work will be useful in understanding the mechanism of physiological rhythm and in explaining some dynamical diseases in the human body.