Liveness detection in remote biometrics based on gaze direction estimation

The following paper presents a simple and fast liveness detection method based on gaze direction estimation under a challenge-response user authentication scenario. To estimate a line of sight, a procedure composed of several steps, including face and eye detection, derivation of gaze direction representation and subsequent classification, has been proposed. The proposed, novel gaze orientation descriptor is easy to compute and it provides sufficiently accurate estimates for the considered task. To assess a probability of genuine biometric trait presentation, recorded gaze direction responses induced by presentation of a randomly generated on-screen object, are matched against expected patterns.