An integral equation method based on vector and scalar potential formulations

In this paper, we propose a new integral equation method based on the formulations for vector potential A and scalar potential Φ. The new formulation, which is immune from low-frequency breakdown problem, is proposed for both electromagnetic scattering and circuit problems. Since both vector and scalar potentials are important for capturing the low-frequency physics, the contribution from scalar potential is solved in tandem with the vector potential equation in our new formulation. The numerical examples validate the effectiveness, stability and accuracy of the proposed formulation.