Lunar Calibration and Performance for S-NPP VIIRS Reflective Solar Bands

The Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) has successfully operated for more than three years since its launch in October 2011. Fifteen of the 22 VIIRS spectral bands are in the reflective solar spectral region, covering wavelengths from 0.41 to 2.3 μm. Similar to its heritage sensor, i.e., Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NASA Terra and Aqua spacecraft, the measurements of these spectral bands are routinely calibrated on orbit by a solar diffuser (SD) and an SD stability monitor (SDSM) system. In addition, lunar observations are regularly scheduled and implemented, allowing the reflective solar band (RSB) calibration stability to be independently monitored. This paper provides an overview of VIIRS RSB on-orbit calibration activities and methodologies, with a focus on the approaches and strategies developed for the lunar calibration. Results derived from VIIRS lunar observations are used to assess its RSB on-orbit performance and to compare with that derived from the SD measurements. Also discussed in this paper are issues identified since launch through comparisons of VIIRS SD and lunar calibration, remaining challenges, and future improvements. Specifically, potential impacts due to degradation caused by the telescope mirror coating contamination on both SD and lunar calibration are assessed. As demonstrated in this paper, VIIRS lunar calibration activities have been successfully planned and executed, in support of its RSB on-orbit calibration. Overall, the long-term response trending derived from lunar calibrations has been consistent with that derived from SD observations. In addition to small features in SD measurements, noticeable seasonal variations, on the order of 1%, between the lunar measurements and the model have been identified. These variations are likely due to the effect of different lunar viewing angles on the lunar irradiance reference model. Future improvements to the sensor's lunar response trending could be achieved with an improved lunar irradiance model.