Continuous lactate monitoring by microsensors in spheroid 3D tumor cell cultures

This paper reports the combination of an electrochemical metabolic monitoring system with a spheroid 3D tumor cell culture environment. Precise lactate production from single human hepatocyte spheroids was continuously monitored online over hours by electrochemical microsensors, also in combination with drug exposure. The approach enhances and simplifies the determination of metabolic rates from organotypic 3D cell cultures in drug discovery and toxicology.