Reception algorithms for ray launching modeling of indoor propagation

Ray launching is a deterministic method for modeling radio wave propagation based on geometric optics theory. This method is very efficient in three-dimensional and complex environments like inside buildings. But some problems appear implementing the reception algorithms, because the receptors are considered punctual and the rays have no thickness. The reception sphere method is a popular technique used to fix this problem. An alternative method is to launch three-dimensional tubes, instead of rays. Both techniques are analyzed, showing the advantages and disadvantages of each one in efficiency and accuracy.