Uplink rate analysis of multicell massive MIMO systems in Ricean fading

In this paper, we investigate the uplink rate of multicell massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. We assume the channel is estimated through uplink training with MMSE estimation. Unlike previous studies, the channel between users and the base station (BS) in the same cell is modeled to be Ricean fading, in which the fast fading matrix is assumed to have a deterministic component as well as a Rayleigh-distributed random component, and the Ricean K-factor of each user is supposed to be different. The effect of pilot contamination is analyzed and we derive a closed-form approximation for the achievable uplink rate that holds for any finite number of BS antennas (M). Based on it, we find that increasing the proportion of line-of-sight (LOS) component can improve the uplink performance. In particular, with both very large M and Ricean K-factor, the uplink rate grows infinite, which means that the pilot contamination can be eliminated completely. However, the increase of users' transmit power will make the uplink rate approach a constant value even with unlimited M. In addition, we show that with no reduction in the rate performance, each user's power can be most scaled down to 1/√M with Rayleigh fading channel and to 1/M with non-zero Ricean K-factor.