Buffered multi-layered modified constant modulus algorithm

In this paper, we propose an equalization algorithm which greatly reduces the convergence problems and the steady-state error rate of the conventional constant modulus algorithm (CMA). The algorithm introduces a buffer and multiple step-size decision layers to the existing variable step size modified constant modulus algorithm (VSS-MCMA). The buffer is employed to combat the convergence issue while the additional layers have been introduced to improve the sensitivity of the step size in both the convergence state and the steady-state. Computer simulations reveal that the proposed system has better symbol error rate and convergence rate than the VSS-MCMA and the CMA.