A family of active switched capacitor biquad building blocks

Two closely related, low-sensitivity, active switched capacitor fitter topologies are presented. Each of these circuits comprises two operational amplifiers and at most nine capacitors. The topologies have been carefully constructed so that they are immune to the various parasitic capacitances normally present in switched capacitor networks. One filter topology is capable of realizing any stable biquadratic z-domain transfer function, while the second one is only slightly less than fully general. Most commonly used transfer functions can be realized with either topology and will require only seven capacitors. The choice between the two topologies will generally be made on the basis of total capacitance required, dynamic range behavior, and sensitivity. A complete set of synthesis equations is given for both circuits which cover both the general and all the important special cases of the biquadratic transfer function. Finally, several examples are given which illustrate the synthesis procedures and the versatility of the filter topologies.