An effective implementation and embedding algorithm of PTA method for finding DC operating points

Recently, the compound element pseudo transient analysis method, CEPTA, is regarded as an efficient practical method to find DC operating points of nonlinear circuits when the Newton-Raphson method fails. In this paper, an effective SPICE3 implementation algorithm for the CEPTA method is proposed. It can significantly improve simulation efficiency with smaller limitations during simulation. Besides, the influence of different pseudo-elements' embedding positions on the simulation efficiency is also discussed and presented with numerical examples. Several numerical examples demonstrate the improvement of simulation efficiency and convergence performance.