Logical data modeling for geographical applications

A short overview of information systems is followed by an analysis of the generic needs of spatial data of geographic information systems (GIS). It is concluded that GIS are not served satisfactorily by existing data models, so specifications of modeling tools for spatial application design are needed. A formal, yet practical, georelational data model (GRDM) is presented. GRAM provides a set of representational constructs on top of well-established modes. It constitutes part of a full, easily automated application design methodology. It is not only easy to use but also platform-independent.