Estimating coverage of radio transmission into and within buildings at 900, 1800, and 2300 MHz

Investigations of propagation into and within buildings at 900, 1800, and 2300 MHz have been undertaken, using buildings both in the University of Liverpool precinct and in the commercial center of the city of Liverpool, United Kingdom. The emphasis of this article is the modeling of radio transmission into buildings that uses the measured penetration loss values in order to adjust the propagation models developed for the outside areas, and the modeling of radio transmission within buildings, starting with the simple distance-power law. Those models are very useful for economical reasons and are sufficiently fast for rapidly estimating coverage regions. However, more accurate models have been developed from experimental results, and are presented. For those more precise models to work properly, it is necessary to know the environment and all the variables that may influence the propagation of the radio signals.