Stability promotion of the inverted polymer solar cells with mixed metal oxide modification

The solution derived NiO:WO
₃
buffer layer effectively suppresses the leakage current and acts as the oxide and moisture barrier to improve the stability and the efficiency of the inverted solar cells. With NiO:WO
₃
layer, the efficiency can be improved from 3.2% to 4.1% and showed 80% of the maximum efficiency retained over 60 days.