Optical and electrical enhancement in upconversion with Re3+ codoped lead lanthanum zirconate titanate ceramics

Using rare earth cations (such Ho
³⁺
, Tm
³⁺
, Er
³⁺
, and Yb
³⁺
) singly and doubly doped lead lanthanum-modified zirconate titanate ceramic gain media, excellent upconversion was observed and investigated. Intrinsic rich carrier traps and their contributions to optical energy storage and upconversion were investigated under different conditions, such as illumination and electrical fields. A new model was proposed to explain some interesting findings, leading ways towards upconversion-based laser and sensor development.