Design of current conveyors and their applications in universal filters

This paper shows the evolution of voltage followers (VFs) to design positive- and negative-type first (CCI), second (CCII) and third (CCIII) generation current conveyors (CCs), through the addition of current mirrors (CMs). Particularly, three dual-output CCIIs (DOCCIIs) are designed to be electronically tuned by modifying their current bias, thus named DOCCCIIs. The design of the VFs and later of the CCs is performed by using standard CMOS technology of 0.35μm. Two DOCCCII-based universal filter topologies working in voltage- and current-mode are presented.