A comparative study of three finite element-based explicit numerical schemes for solving maxwell's equations

Three finite element-based explicit numerical algorithms, named the dual-field domain decomposition at the element level (DFDD-ELD), the discontinuous Galerkin time-domain method with upwind fluxes (DGTD-Upwind), and the discontinuous Galerkin time-domain method with central fluxes (DGTD-Central), are implemented and compared in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and higher-order convergence. All three algorithms can perform an efficient domain decomposition and avoid the inversion of a global system matrix, yet they differ from each other in terms of accuracy and efficiency.