Immobilized quantum dot bioprobes: Fiber optics and microfluidics for the development of nucleic acid assays

Multiplexed fluorescence-based assays are possible by immobilization of mixtures of different nucleic acid QD-bioprobes onto fused silica optical fibers, and onto glass surfaces of glass-PDMS microfluidic chips. Dynamic control of stringency by adjustment of the electrical potential to drive electroosmotic flow is advantageous. QD-bioprobes can be covalently anchored, or can be immobilized using a labile tethering system for removal and replacement.