Archimedean spiral antenna for underground soil measurements in Greenland

In this paper, we present a thin single-arm Archimedean spiral antenna designed to be used in underground soil measurements to characterize the dielectric properties of soil during freezing and thawing processes. The designed antenna works in low permittivity, low-loss frozen soil as well as in high permittivity, high-loss marshy soil and operates over the frequency range 1-3 GHz. The antennas has been successfully used for measurements of soil properties in situ.