Single active element PID controllers

This paper presents a detailed overview of the circuits allowing the realization of PID controllers with single active element. We provide analysis of the circuits using the operational amplifier (OpAmp) and operational transconductance amplifiers (OTA). Based on these analyses, we present an alternative structure using the second generation current conveyer CCII. Compared to the classical solutions, presented controller exhibits improved features such as symmetrical transfers of feedback and reference paths. The paper is completed by the design equations and the example of design.