Mixed metal oxide systems for organic photovoltaics

We have employed mixed metal oxide materials in various roles in organic and hybrid-organic photovoltaic (OPV/h-OPV) devices. In the case of the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) devices we have used an inorganic HTL layer (NiO) constructed by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) to replace the standard PEDOT:PSS HTL in a poly(3-hexythiophene):[6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) BHJ OPV device. We have also examined in detail the changes in the electric field at the polymer-oxide interface in planar P3HT;metal oxide h-OPV devices both with experimental studies and through modeling of the h-OPV polymer/acceptor interface. For our h-OPV experimental studies we examine ZnO, TiO
₂
and Nb:TiO
₂
acceptors constructed using PLD in which the doping levels have been controlled using a digital modulation scheme.