Observation of F-layer propagation in Malaysia

F-layer propagation is studied by observing the transmitted HF signals from several parts of the world using an HF transceiver located at University Science Malaysia, Tronoh (latitude 4.36 N, 101.02 E). The modulated carrier strength of the various radio stations are measured every minute 24 hours a day. The results of each station are compared with the results assessed by the IONOPROP software package. IONOPROP displays the MUF (maximum usable frequency), LUF (lowest usable frequency) and FOT (frequency of transmission). By plotting a straight line representing the station frequency, we would be able to predict the signal that could be received by the transceiver.