Selective machining of organic thin film photovoltaic cell by a ultra-short pulse laser

An organic thin film photovoltaic cell (OPV) consists of many thin layers of quite different materials [1]: glass substrate, transparent electrode such like indium tin oxide (ITO), organic molecules such like copper phthalocyanine (CuPc), fullerene (C
60
) and metal (Me), etc. Unit structure of the OPV generates voltage less than 0.5V, and thus it is required to construct a module in which the units form a tandem series. The tandem structure preferably be formed ‘in plane’ rather than vertical stacking form.