Sub-millimeter wave signal generation and detection in CMOS

Feasibility of CMOS circuits operating at frequencies in the upper millimeter wave and low sub-millimeter frequency regions has been demonstrated. A 140-GHz fundamental mode VCO and a 324-GHz quadruple pushed VCO in 90-nm CMOS, a 410-GHz push-push VCO in 45-nm CMOS, and 180-GHz Schottky diode and 780-GHz plasma wave detectors in 130-nm CMOS have been demonstrated. With the continued scaling of MOS transistors, 1-THz CMOS circuits will be possible.