A rigorous analysis of local oscillator pulling in frequency and discrete-time domain

This study presents injection pulling effects on a local oscillator (LO) for wireless applications. A phase-locked loop under injection is analyzed in frequency domain to account for the inherent band-pass filtering on an injection signal. A discrete-time analysis is also provided to predict output spectra of the LO pulled by a sinusoidal and modulated injection signal. Comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental results shows excellent agreement.