Kuroko-type Seafloor Hydrothermal Deposit Mining - The Geology, Technology, Environment, and Economy

The Kuroko-type seafloor hydrothermal deposits, sometimes known as seafloor massive sulfides (SMS), are currently the hottest business targets in ocean mining field, because metal prices included in the deposits tend to be several times or more expensive than the ones a few years ago. Therefore, two private venture companies have been very active for the commercial developments these years. The many attractive deposits have been found in the Western Pacific areas including Japan's EEZ. This tutorial covers all the aspects for a fundamental understanding of the Kuroko-type seafloor hydrothermal deposit mining. Mineralization and formation process of the deposits and the structure are introduced. The attractiveness as mineral resources is also highlighted. Engineering properties of the deposits and the expected mining technologies are summarized. A preliminary analysis of the mining economy is introduced. Some environmental problems to be solved prior to the commercial scale mining are discussed. Actual field activities and business situation of a private venture company are introduced from the exploration manager.