Broadband Müller-MLFMA for Electromagnetic Scattering by Dielectric Objects

The multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) is very efficient for solving large-scale electromagnetic scattering problems. However, at low frequencies, or when the discretization is small compared with the wavelength, both the MLFMA and the underlying integral equation formulation typically suffer from a subwavelength breakdown. For the electromagnetic scattering from a homogeneous dielectric object, we obtain a stable and well-conditioned surface integral formulation using a variant of the classical Muumlller formulation and linear basis functions. To overcome the subwavelength breakdown of the MLFMA, we use both propagating and evanescent plane waves to represent the fields. The implementation is based on a combination of the spectral representation of the Green's function and Rokhlin's translation formula. We also present a new interpolation scheme for the evanescent part, which significantly improves the error-controllability of the MLFMA-implementation. Several numerical results verify both the error-controllability and scalability of the proposed algorithm