Unidirectional Paramagnetic Amplifier Design

The radio-frequency parameters and the quantummechanical parameters entering into the design of paramagnetic quantum-mechanical amplifiers are described and discussed. The physical and electrical limitations on such parameters as gain-bandwidth product, gain stability, and nonreciprocity are described analytically and with design curves. Two realizations of nonreciprocal amplifiers are described and discussed. In particular, operation of a nonreciprocal amplifier at 9 kmc is described. Explanations for the observed properties of previously reported amplifiers are given, and the steps necessary to achieve high gain-bandwidth product and nonreciprocity with paramagnetic amplifiers are described.