Atmospheric Effects on VHF and UHF Propagation

This paper is mainly concerned with the effects of the troposphere and ionosphere on the propagation of vhf and uhf radio waves. Tropospheric refractive index profiles and ionospheric electron density models representative of average atmospheric conditions are presented. Mathematical relationships are derived for calculating refraction effects, time delays, Doppler errors, polarization changes, and attenuation experienced by radio waves traversing the entire atmosphere.