A micropower battery-operated one-pin crystal oscillator

This paper describes the theory and analysis of a CMOS one-pin crystal oscillator suited for battery operated devices. The oscillator uses only one package pin. No other external components other than the crystal itself are needed. The oscillator is intended to operate at 32 kHz with current consumption in the range of 200-250 nA and a single supply voltage of -1.5 V. Both theoretical analysis and computer simulation are used to investigate small signal behavior, large signal operation, and the start-up condition for the oscillator. Effects of various chip parasitic elements on the performance of the oscillator are also examined using MATLAB and SPICE programs.<
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