Research in electrocardiography and magnetocardiography

The mathematical, physical, and engineering aspects of electrocardiography and magnetocardiography are reviewed. A brief summary of relevant physiological and clinical information is also given. The aim of the article is to provide a general perspective for engineers new to the area who want to do research. A detailed discussion of difficulties encountered in determining the heart vector and the nondipolar properties of the heart's field is included. Stress is placed on the need for development of practical ECG and MCG systems for use in the clinic. A number of research problems of current interest are pointed out.