Frequency control practices in market environments

This paper reviews frequency control practices in the main power systems of continental Europe, Great Britain and Ireland, North America, Nordic countries, Southern Africa and Australia. The authors' experiences are drawn from very diverse power systems, industry structures and markets, and provide an opportunity to compare their practices with the view to better understanding the needs for frequency control in different countries. The paper summarises experience gained from market changes and suggests ways in which frequency control needs further development.