Universal languages and the power of diagonalization

We define and study strong diagonalization and compare it to weak diagonalization, implicit in the work of D. Kozen (1980). Kozen's result shows that virtually every separation can be recast as weak diagonalization. We show that there are classes of languages, which cannot be separated by strong diagonalization and provide evidence that strong diagonalization does not relativize. We also define two kinds of indirect diagonalization and study their power: Since we define strong diagonalization in terms of universal languages, we study their complexity. We distinguish and compare weak and strict universal languages. Finally we analyze some apparently weaker variants of universal languages, which we call pseudouniversal languages, and show that under weak closure conditions they easily yield universal languages.