A physical radar cross-section model for a wind-driven sea with swell

A new spectrum model for the ocean surface is proposed. We determine the two unknown parameters in this spectrum by fitting it to radar observations. We find that this spectrum combined with two-scale scattering theory can predict much of the observed dependence of the radar cross section on radar frequency, polarization, angle of incidence, and wind velocity at incidence angles in the
0\deg-70\deg
range. The spectrum model is combined with a model for swell to examine the effect of swell on the radar cross section. We find that the effect of swell is significant for low radar frequencies (
L
band) and near normal incidence but can be nearly eliminated by using higher frequencies (
K_{u}
band) and large angles of incidence (
\approx 50\deg
).