Radiation from a generalized antenna in a stratified medium

Exact calculations are made of the electromagnetic field radiated by an arbitrary current distribution in an arbitrary stratified lossy medium. The medium thus characterized can include both a stratified earth and a many layer stratified ionosphere. The results of the investigation, which include the input resistance and the efficiency of the antenna, are useful for designing antennas in the ELF, VLF and LF bands. (The theory is applied to the case of an ELF-ring antenna.)