An integrated illumination-to-frequency converter

A simple integrated illumination-to-frequency converter has been fabricated following the field-effect modified transistor (FEMT) as suggested by Nordstrom and Meindl (1972). The authors have made a careful analysis of the performance of the device and have found that no external photodiode is needed for the device to operate properly. An external capacitor, connected across the external base to collector junction can significantly extend the range of operation of the device as a light detector.