CreD2D: A credit-driven self-evolving D2D towards LTE HetNet energy saving

This paper introduces CreD2D: a novel multi-hop device-to-device heterogeneous routing framework driven by a credit-based mechanism. CreD2D, employed by rational cooperative mobile users, allows a wireless network to self-evolve, manifesting itself as a decentralised cognitive framework that can overlay a licensed resource allocation in LTE heterogeneous networks. The advantages of this approach are based on the presumption that rational peer-to-peer collaboration in largescale evolutionary networks is motivated by direct reciprocity. More pragmatically, our adaptations intrinsically catalyse energy savings both for the mobile users (in the case of upload) and the base stations (in the case of download). Our preliminary D2D numerical results provide a promising proof-of-concept which allows us to make interpretations on the efficacy of this mechanism, and provide insights for future research directions.