Fast EM-Driven Optimization Using Variable-Fidelity EM Models and Adjoint Sensitivities

A robust and computationally efficient technique for microwave design optimization is presented. Our approach exploits variable-fidelity electromagnetic (EM) simulation models and adjoint sensitivities. The low-fidelity EM model correction is realized by means of space mapping (SM). In the optimization process, the SM parameters are optimized together with the design itself, which allows us to keep the number of both low- and high-fidelity simulations at low levels. The algorithm is demonstrated using two examples. Experimental validation is also provided.