Acoustic chemosensors for real-life environments

Mass-sensitive devices in combination with artificial receptors such as molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) lead to rugged systems withstanding adverse environments. An example are titanate sol-gel materials, which can be directly exposed to automotive engine oils for incorporating oxidized base oil components. In a similar way, QCM arrays equipped with a heating coil can be utilized for operating in the head space of a composter at temperatures up to 45°C and condensing humidity.