http://ieeexplore.ieee.org TOC Alert for Publication# 7361 2013 May 16 13 6 C1 C1 170 13 6 C2 C2 145 13 6 2047 2049 129 13 6 2050 2050 5 13 6 2051 2052 238 13 6 2053 2054 272 p -ZnO thin films are fabricated by RF magnetron sputtering for gas sensing applications. For comparison, Al monodoped n-ZnO film is also grown. The conductivity of the films is confirmed by the Van der Pauw Hall effect measurement system. The structural and elemental properties of the films are studied by X-ray diffraction and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Sensitivity measurements are performed with the fabricated p-and n-ZnO films for different concentrations of ammonia (200-1200 ppm) at different operating temperatures (room temperature: 100^°C and 150^°C). It is found that both p-ZnO films have higher sensitivity than that of the n-ZnO film. Furthermore, both p-ZnO films exhibit lower response and recovery times than n-ZnO film.]]> 13 6 2055 2060 634 13 6 2061 2065 855 2 using only a 1.5 μm process. The arrays are sequentially scanned by an on-chip counter, producing efficient stress measurement, and the sensors resolve normal and shear stresses on the surface of the die with resolution below 1 MPa. The CMOS sensor chips have been used to map stress over a large portion of the die in chip-on-beam and encapsulated chip-on-beam samples, as well as a ceramic dual-in-line package with its cavity filled with underfill material. Finite-element simulation results correlate well with the measured stress distributions. The experimental results from these chips are used to validate finite-element simulation models, and the array designs can be used as subarrays in much larger test chips.]]> 13 6 2066 2076 2423 13 6 2077 2083 2213 13 6 2084 2093 1607 13 6 2094 2101 911 2 pixel area. Focal-plan processing for temporal difference and spatial contour is implemented with maximum and minimum comparing analog circuits, allowing T-Sensor to provide high-speed imaging with low-power consumption. The sensor array is 128 × 128 pixels, with a fill factor of 42%, and operates at 800 fps and 13M events/s with a power consumption of 1.02 mW.]]> 13 6 2102 2108 2017 3 are investigated and compared. The coupling factors of both devices are calculated and the impedance characteristics are tested by impedance analyzer. The sensitivity and stability of both devices to the electrical property changes of liquid are also tested in isopropanol-water and NaClwater solution. We find that the X-cut LiNbO₃ device has a higher piezoelectric coupling factor and better resonance in the deionized water than (yxl) 21.82° LiNbO₃ device. The results also show that X-cut LiNbO₃ devices are more sensitive to the change of liquid conductivity and permittivity than (yxl) 21.82° LiNbO₃ device even with similar stability.]]> 13 6 2109 2114 628 -13 W and 3.29 ×10¹¹ cmHz^0.5W^-1 at -1V, respectively.]]> 13 6 2115 2119 764 13 6 2120 2128 382 13 6 2129 2138 1440 13 6 2139 2145 1881 $n$-propanol, and $n$-octane. The pooled set of 40 vapor-sensor sensitivities was analyzed using principal components regression models in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the classification performance with different levels of error superimposed on the sensor responses. Recognition rates (RR) were estimated for the individual vapors and their binary mixtures with virtual arrays consisting of all possible combinations of MPNs and transducer types. The best overall performance was obtained with a multitransducer (MT) array of $n=4$ sensors, which provided average RRs of 99.7% for individual vapor discrimination and 74.7% for discrimination of the 10 binary mixtures from their components, both with 5% superimposed error. MT-array RR values did not improve for $n>4$. The corresponding average RRs for the all-CR and all-TSMR 4-sensor ST arrays were both ${sim}97%$ for the individual vapors and both ${sim}69%$ for the binary mixtures, respectively. Results demonstrate that MT arrays can provide modestly greater diversity than ST arrays of similar dimension.]]> 13 6 2146 2154 531 13 6 2155 2160 834 13 6 2161 2165 1393 13 6 2166 2180 1371 13 6 2181 2191 1028 13 6 2192 2199 833 13 6 2200 2207 2234 $({>}{rm 0.6}~{rm V})$, electro-oxidation of ammonia and amination of the electrode surface are observed. The first type of biosensor is less serviceable because of the slow equilibrium process. However, the third type of biosensor, because of the high potential of action and irreproducible response, is also not valuable. The working potential of 0.35 V is selected for optimal urease-CB electrode operation, and the response properties of the electrode are also characterized. The biosensor possesses a linear range of response up to 5 mM of urea, a coefficient of variation equaling 3.7%, a response time of 1.5 min. The biosensor is tested for urea detection in milk.]]> 13 6 2208 2213 398 13 6 2214 2216 379 $4.3times 10^{-11}{rm M}$ for ethyl para-nitro-phenyl (a typical organophosphorous pesticide). The detection results of residual pesticides in practical samples show that the proposed biosensor has the feasibility and accuracy comparable to gas chromatography.]]> 13 6 2217 2222 1156 $({rm SnO}_{2})$-Coated regenerated cellulose as a disposable and low-cost alternative transducer for urea detection. A thin layer of ${rm SnO}_{2}$ is coated on regenerated cellulose films via liquid-phase deposition technique. Cellulose-${rm SnO}_{2}$ hybrid nanocomposite urea biosensor is prepared by immobilizing urease on the ${rm SnO}_{2}$ layers by physical absorption method. The resulting biosensor shows a linear response up to 42 mM. Also it is found that the proposed sensor exhibits the same level of sensitivity for seven days; in other words, the sensitivity of the sensor did not degrade with time and remained same for 7 days. This urea sensor is inexpensive, flexible, and disposable.]]> 13 6 2223 2228 1670 $mu{rm m}$ CMOS technology, occupies an active area of 0.4 ${rm mm}^{2}$ , and dissipates about 21 mW of power from ${pm}{rm 2.5}~{rm V}$ supplies. The chip was used to measure equivalent RC circuits of the electrode-tissue interface over the frequency range of 100 Hz to 100 kHz, showing good correlation with the theoretical results.]]> 13 6 2229 2236 2609 $beta$ -phase is affected by the size of the confinement. The direct and converse piezoelectric characterization of the three polymeric structures shows important improvements as far as the nano-structuration is reached. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the use of the three polymeric structures as potential flexible tactile sensors and bendable energy harvesters, showing a profound effect of the micro- and nano-structuration on the device performances.]]> 13 6 2237 2244 4148 13 6 2245 2252 1111 $mu{rm m}$ CMOS technology. To minimize the cross-coupling noise, the proposed VHD is laterally folded to shorten the effective conduction length, and a ${rm p}^{+}$ guard ring shortens the effective conduction length to narrow the conducting channel. The proposed VHD is sensitive to in-plane magnetic induction based on the combinational magnetic effects between a bulk magnetotransistor (BMT), a vertical magnetoresistor (VMR), and a vertical magnetotransistor (VMT); and that the BMT is implemented with a p-substrate to enhance the magnetosensitivity. The measurement results show that the BMT is the dominant mechanism in view of a vertical magnetoresistor (VMR) and vertical magnetotransistor (VMT). Additionally, the VMT scales down the measurement range considerably whereas the VMR enhances the measurement range of the proposed VHD. The VMR is the key factor to increase the nonlinearity error. Integrating VMR with BMT or VMT enables high nonlinearity in a measured Hall voltage with respect to applied magnetic induction (B), but both the Hall voltage and the cross-coupling voltage are linear in B by integrating BMT with VMT. Additionally, the proposed VHD operates with small magnetic hysteresis, and its sensitivity is highest when bias current and bias voltage are low.]]> 13 6 2253 2262 1637 $mu{rm W}$ when placed in a magnetic flux density of 18 $mu T_{rms}$.]]> 13 6 2263 2270 687 ${rm ppm}/^{circ}{rm C}$, the offset drifts less than 300 ${rm nT}/^{circ}{rm C}$ and the nonlinearity is less than ${pm}{0.08%}$. The effects of the varying external field on the calibration loop are analyzed and the theoretical prediction is validated by measurement.]]> 13 6 2271 2278 564 ${rm GHz}/^{circ}{rm C}$. The system is based on the detection in the electrical domain of the resulting beat signal of two different laser lines generated by an EDFRL that operates in single longitudinal mode regime (SLM). The SLM operation is achieved by the use of phase shift fiber Bragg gratings with ultranarrow bandwidths of 6 pm. Two independent cavities for the reference signal and sensor signal generation are used to avoid the wavelength competition and to improve the stability. This configuration allows the control of the temperature operation point of the system by adjusting the temperature in the reference side.]]> 13 6 2279 2283 819 $^{circ}{rm C}$–27 $^{circ}{rm C}$, respectively. The thermoelectric shirt with such an energy harvester produces more energy during nine months of use (if worn 10 h/day) than the energy stored in alkaline batteries of the same thickness and weight.]]> 13 6 2284 2291 1059 $^{circ}{rm C}$ –90$^{circ}{rm C}$, and are presently limited by the bearing test rig. However, the presented magnets are rated for operating up to 150 $^{circ}{rm C}$ with an estimated lifetime of greater than 10000 hours in operation.]]> 13 6 2292 2298 1259 ${rm H}_{2}$/air gas), fast response speed, and superior repeatability behaviors. For the sensing application, a readout circuit is designed to display the value of hydrogen concentration. Then, these data are fed into single chip microprocessor for later processing and wireless transmission. In addition, a grey polynomial differential model algorithm is employed to significantly reduce the redundant data for alleviate the wireless transmission load. The wireless monitoring of hydrogen concentration in a remote site longer than 50 m in distance is successfully demonstrated. From the experimental results, the proposed wireless hydrogen sensing system shows the advantages of high hydrogen sensing performance, easy operation, low cost, high portability, and effective wireless transmission.]]> 13 6 2299 2304 2224 13 6 2305 2312 728 $^{circ}$ in our applied measurement range (0$^{circ}$–120 $^{circ}$), and the maximum error of azimuth angle 0.4 $^{circ}$ in the measurement range (0$^{circ}$ –360$^{circ}$).]]> 13 6 2313 2321 720 13 6 2322 2328 901 13 6 2329 2333 518 $^{circ}{rm C}$, respectively; and 3) the standard deviation of the phase sensitivity over the temperature range of 30$^{circ}{rm C}$ –90$^{circ}{rm C}$ is about 0.002 rad/g.]]> 13 6 2334 2340 1132 ${rm Fe}_{3}{rm O}_{4}$@Au NPs). A comprehensive set of experiments, including transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, small angle neutron scattering, and ultraviolet visible spectroscopy is applied to characterize their chemical, physical, and optical properties. We also study their applicability as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): the measurement of longitudinal and transverse relaxation times of ${rm Fe}_{3}{rm O}_{4}$@Au NPs in vitro and in vivo allowed the assessment of longitudinal $({rm R}_{1})$ and transverse $({rm R}_{2})$ relaxivities at 1.5 and 3 T. Finally, a procedure for functionalizing NPs with integrin targeting cyclic Arginine-Glycine-Aspartate peptidomimetic is reported, leading to the development of nanoscale probes for $alpha_{v}beta_{3}$ integrin, particularly attractive in terms of resolution and 3-D imaging capabilities. The resulting multifunctional nanoprobes offer suitable blood-circulation time and contrast for microimaging as well as for gradient-echo MRI, and could enable new imaging magnetoplasmonic applications.]]> 13 6 2341 2347 560 ${rm CO}_{2}$ into storage reservoirs is inhibited by safety and leakage concerns. Effective leakage monitoring at the surface is recently made possible by the development of quantum cascade (QC) laser-based sensors, which are capable of tracking fluxes in ${rm CO}_{2}$ isotope concentrations. In this paper, we initially discuss the status of this technology, including recent results from distributed feedback QC lasers for use in sensing ${rm CO}_{2}$ isotopic ratios. These lasers show single-mode emission at 4.32 $mu{rm m}$, overlapping strong absorption resonances of $^{12}{rm CO}_{2}$, $^{13}{rm CO}_{2}$, and $^{18}{rm OCO}$. We then consider the value of such devices for quantifying ${rm CO}_{2}$ leakage using a climate-economy integrated-assessment model that is modified to include CCS. The sensitivity of model outcomes to reservoir leakage is studied, showing that an average reservoir storage half-life on the order of 1000 years or longer can limit atmospheric temperature increases to 2$^{circ}{rm C}$ or less over the next 150 years for economically optimal emissions scenarios. The present day economic value of CCS is established versus reservoir half-life, showing a significant return on investment (${sim}{rm 2}~{rm trillion}$ U.S.$, or ${sim}{rm 4}%$ of gross world product) when the average reservoir half-life is 250 years, with a sharp drop in the value of CCS technology for half-life values below 250 years. Quantifying ${rm CO}_{2}$ leakage rates via QC laser-based sensing will contribute greatly toward accurately assessing CCS technology and its efficacy as part of ${rm CO}_{2}$ limitation strategies.]]> 13 6 2348 2356 1473 13 6 2357 2367 2168 $betahbox{-}{rm Ga}_{2}{rm O}_{3}$ nanowires using a vapor phase transport method on ${rm SiO}_{2}/{rm Si}$ template. It is found that average diameter, average length, and density of the nanowires all increased as we increase the growth temperature. $betahbox{-}{rm Ga}_{2}{rm O}_{3}$ nanowire solar-blind photodetectors with a sharp cutoff at 255 nm are also fabricated. With an incident light wavelength of 255 nm and an applied bias of 5 V, it is found that measured responsivity of the photodetector prepared at 950$^{circ}{rm C}$ is $3.43times 10^{-3}~{rm A}/{rm W}$.]]> 13 6 2368 2373 1188 13 6 2374 2381 1369 $mu{rm m}$ CMOS voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC) that can be used either in single or differential mode to digitize sensor readout signals in wireless sensor network applications. The proposed VFC works over the entire input range with output frequencies ranging between 0.1 and 1.0MHz, which allows the sensor node embedded microcontroller performing optimally the final digitalization Its operation is ratiometric, adding value to this device when used in battery operated systems. High linearity is achieved (0.015% linearity error) with low power consumption (80 $mu{rm W}$) over a temperature range of ${-}{40}$ to ${+}{rm 120}^{circ}{rm C}$.]]> 13 6 2382 2390 1800 13 6 2391 2399 437 13 6 2400 2412 685 13 6 2413 2422 1027 $^{circ}{rm C}$ in a ${rm C}_{2}{rm H}_{2}$ atmosphere and used to fabricate a gas sensing-device. The average length and diameter of the CNTs are ${sim}{rm 4.52}~mu{rm m}$ and 45 nm, respectively. Au nanoparticles are coated onto nanotube surfaces to a thickness of ${sim}{rm 5}~{rm nm}$ and the CNTs thus formed could be utilized to sense carbon dioxide $({rm CO}_{2})$, ethanol, and isopropyl alcohol vapor, respectively. In 800-ppm ${rm CO}_{2}$ vapor at room temperature, the adsorption of Au nanoparticles increased the sensitivities of the device to these species from 1.9%, 1.7% and 1.5% to 3.4%, 3.3%, and 3.2%, respectively.]]> 13 6 2423 2427 999 $^{circ}{rm C}$ –55$^{circ}{rm C}$ and pH over a 1.5–12 dynamic range. By employing temperature compensation, a measurement accuracy of less than 0.1 pH is achieved and the response time of the sensor is demonstrated to be less than 1 s. The sensor overcomes the pH measurement error due to the temperature dependence of electrode-based passive pH sensors and has applications in remote pH monitoring where temperature varies over a wide range.]]> 13 6 2428 2436 750 13 6 2437 2441 700 ${pm}{rm 4.5}^{circ}{rm C}$. The presented method can be utilized for additionally sensing temperature in devices with integrated piezoceramic transducers, especially ultrasound transducers or in structural health-monitoring applications.]]> 13 6 2442 2449 1286 $49times 49times 98~mu{rm m}^{3}$ is achieved in 1 h 22 min scan time. Acquisitions allow the quantification of cartilage morphological parameters such as thickness and volume.]]> 13 6 2450 2458 1141 $({rm CF}_{4})$ plasma treatment is proposed to incorporate fluorine (F) atoms into a hafnium dioxide $({rm HfO}_{2})$ thin-film sensing membrane in an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor structure for alkali metal ion (${rm Na}^{+}$ and ${rm K}^{+}$) detection. Hf 4f and F 1s X-ray photoelectron spectra confirmed the incorporation of fluorine (F) atoms into the ${rm HfO}_{2}$ sensing membrane after low-damage ${rm CF}_{4}$ plasma treatment. As the duration of the plasma treatment is increased, the F 1s intensity and the amount of Hf–F bonds increased, and the corresponding ${rm Na}^{+}$ and ${rm K}^{+}$ sensitivities drastically increased (pNa: 121.6 mV/pNa; pK: 98.1 mV/pK). The super-Nernst phenomenon is attributed not only to the formation of higher dipole property between Hf and F than that between Hf and O but also to the reduction of plasma bombardment and UV irradiation, which damage the ${rm HfO}_{2}$ sensing membrane. A positive charge model is proposed to explain the improvements by fluorine incorporation with complementary filter.]]> 13 6 2459 2465 691 ${rm SnO}_{2}$ gas sensor that is integrated with a tantalum nitride (TaN) microheater on micro-hotplate is designed and fabricated using microelectromechanical systems technology. TaN is available in many traditional complementary metal oxide semiconductor designs, unlike many other microheater materials. For the initial time, TaN is used in semiconductor metal oxide gas sensor as a heater. The thermal response, thermal distribution, and power consumption of the TaN microheater are measured using a thermal imaging camera. The operating temperature of TaN micro-hotplate can exceed 500$^{circ}{rm C}$ and they have a favorable thermal distribution within the sensing area. The temperature variation over the sensing area for a TaN microheater with a size of $300times 300~mu{rm m}$ is ${sim}{4%}$ at 500$^{circ}{rm C}$. Its power consumption is successfully decreased by adopting a structure with ratio of edge length of the membrane to that of the microheater of 2.5. The sensing responses of the LPD-based ${rm SnO}_{2}$ gas sensor with the TaN microheater to ${rm H}_{2}{rm S}$ gas are measured at various operating temperatures. The optimal operating temperature of the designed gas sensors is in the range 250$^{circ}{rm C}$ –300$^{circ}{rm C}$. The designed sensing film with an area of $100times100~mu{rm m}$ has greater sensitivity to a staircase concentration of ${rm H}_{2}{rm S}$ gas than those with the other two areas ($200times 200~mu{rm m}$ and $300times 300~mu{rm m}$).]]> 13 6 2466 2473 1102 13 6 2474 2476 112 13 6 2477 2477 514 13 6 2478 2478 699 13 6 2479 2479 1157 13 6 2480 2480 771 13 6 C3 C3 103 13 6 C4 C4 5