Electromagnetic Compatibility, IEEE Transactions on - new TOC

April 2013

Presents the cover/table of contents for this issue of the periodical.

IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility publication information

April 2013

Provides a listing of current staff, committee members and society officers.

Radiated Immunity in Reverberation and Semianechoic Rooms: Conditions for Equivalence

April 2013

General recommendations are given concerning the equivalence of radiated immunity testing results obtained experimentally in a semianechoic room (SAR) and a reverberation chamber (RC). The relation between the parameters influencing the results, i.e., the number of aspect angles in an SAR and the number of tuner steps in an RC has been inventoried in an extensive experimental campaign and is discussed in detail. To that purpose, an innovating canonical equipment under test), designed as a common reference equipment for standardized testing in both environments, has been constructed. The RC was equipped with two different and innovative tuning systems.

On Measuring Shielding Effectiveness of Sparsely Moded Enclosures in a Reverberation Chamber

April 2013

Recently, there has been great interest in evaluating the shielding effectiveness of physically small enclosures (all linear dimensions between 0.1 and 2 m) using a reverberation chamber. In cases where the enclosure is also electrically small (linear dimensions on the order of a free-space wavelength or less), the enclosure supports only discrete resonant modes whose lineshapes have little or no overlap in frequency. This sparsely moded or “undermoded” cavity poses a number of complex challenges to defining and measuring shielding effectiveness. This study contributes to the development of a measurement process for evaluating shielding effectiveness in electrically small enclosures. Specifically, we demonstrate the performance advantages of a traveling-wave antenna (long-wire probe) as a means of fully sampling the field throughout the volume of the enclosure without the need for multiple, wall-mounted probes. Furthermore, the good impedance match of the long-wire antenna permits a large dynamic range in the shielding effectiveness measurements. A simple and fast test method is presented that is accurate and repeatable, and embodies the desired “dovetailing” of shielding effectiveness values obtained as frequency increases and the enclosure transitions from undermoded to overmoded operation. Finally, a rudimentary statistical analysis is provided to assess typical uncertainties inherent in the shielding effectiveness evaluation.

Low-Capacitance SCR Structure for RF I/O Application

April 2013

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) devices based on diodes and silicon controlled rectifier for RF I/O protection are evaluated on both ESD and RF performance. Varying from the architecture, layout design and metal interconnection, candidate devices show different parasitic capacitance, ESD efficiency, and turn on speed. Potential solution for further RF I/O application is verified.

Fast Reconstitution Method (FRM) to Compute the Broadband Spectrum of Common Mode Conducted Disturbances

April 2013

This paper deals with time domain simulation of common mode (CM) conducted disturbances in power electronics. This study proposes a proof of concept of a fast reconstruction method (FRM), which allows to compute the spectrum of a current based on the knowledge of a single pulse of current (i.e., the knowledge of the disturbances on a small fraction of time) and of the switching instants (i.e., the control strategy of the structure). The first parts of the paper demonstrate the reliability of the method using data measurements of a CM current generated by a PWM half-bridge converter and then by a three phase inverter. The simulation time saved thanks to the FRM is then quantified by comparing the simulation durations with or without using the FRM. In our example, the FRM allows to divide the simulation time by about 10. This analysis points out that the complex information of a CM current is contained in a small time interval. As a consequence the complete spectrum can be predicted with only a very fast simulation. The mathematical techniques developed here forecast promising reduction of simulation durations.

A Simple Method of Estimating the Radiated Emission From a Cable Attached to a Mobile Device

April 2013

When a mobile device is connected to cables for charging power or transmitting data, the radiated emission from the attached cables, which are typically effective electromagnetic interference (EMI) antennae at certain frequencies, can cause serious system-level EMI problems. The measurement of system-level radiation during compliance and precompliance tests is not only a time-consuming task, but also requires expensive facilities such as a semianechoic chamber. This paper proposes a simple method of predicting far-field radiation from cables attached to mobile devices at the early stage of the design and development phase without using an EMI chamber. The method combines radiation characterization of a simple box-source-cable geometry using full-wave simulations with the measurement of the real common-mode current flowing through the cable. The proposed method was applied to mobile phones to estimate the far-field radiated emissions, which were compared with the measurement results. The accuracy of the predicted results was evaluated using the feature selective validation technique, indicating good agreement and correlation.

Evaluation of Wireless Resonant Power Transfer Systems With Human Electromagnetic Exposure Limits

April 2013

This study provides recommendations for scientifically sound methods of evaluating compliance of wireless power transfer systems with respect to human electromagnetic exposure limits. Methods for both numerical analysis and measurements are discussed. An exposure assessment of a representative wireless power transfer system, under a limited set of operating conditions, is provided in order to estimate the maximum SAR levels. The system operates at low MHz frequencies and it achieves power transfer via near field coupling between two resonant coils located within a few meters of each other. Numerical modeling of the system next to each of four high-resolution anatomical models shows that the local and whole-body SAR limits are generally reached when the transmit coil currents are 0.5 A_RMS - 1.2 A_RMS at 8 MHz for the maximal-exposure orientation of the coil and 10-mm distance to the body. For the same coil configurations, the exposure can vary by more than 3 dB for different human models. A simplified experimental setup for the exposure evaluation of wireless power transfer systems is also described.

Field Evaluation of the Human Exposure From Multiband, Multisystem Mobile Phones

April 2013

Mobile phones present the strongest source of radiofrequency electromagnetic held exposure to the human head. Mobile phones are routinely assessed with respect to safety by specihc absorption rate measurements at maximum output power. The difference of the exposure due to power control during normal usage was evaluated. A mobile measurement system to assess the effect of the power control in real networks was developed. It presents a realistic load to the phone and is able to measure the output power and band synchronously for the GSM900, DCS1800, and UMTS1950 bands. The system has a dynamic range of 60 dB and a measurement uncertainty of <;1 dB for GSM and <;1.5 dB for UMTS. Using the system, three mobile phones were evaluated in the three Swiss networks in urban and rural areas. The phones were tested in dual system (GSM and UMTS) and GSM only modes. The results show a small change of the mean output power in GSM mode (from -2 to -10 dB) compared to 30-dB power control dynamic range. The mean output power in UMTS was a factor >100 lower than GSM. In urban areas, UMTS was generally available and preferably used by the phones with rare fall backs to GSM. In the suburban/rural area, UMTS was hardly available or used by the phones.

Temperature Rise Induced by Wire and Planar Antennas in a High-Resolution Human Head Model

April 2013

The peak temperature rise in a high-resolution heterogeneous head model due to the electromagnetic energy absorption from wire and planar antennas are investigated within the frequency range of 900-6000 MHz. Electrically small nonresonant antennas, resonant antennas, and planar directive antennas are considered both radiating toward the direction of the head as well as away from the head. It is observed that the maximum temperature rise due to dipole antennas are between 0.17 and 4.07°C for 1 W of input power for antenna to head separation distances between 5 and 20 mm. Planar antennas, e.g., planar inverted-F antennas and microstrip patches induce a peak temperature rise of 0.04-2.28°C for 1 W depending on their orientations and distances from the head. Based on the directly simulated maximum temperature rise data an empirical formula is developed, which estimates the maximum temperature rise in the head as functions of antenna to head separation distance, operating frequency, and antenna free-space bandwidth.

Detection of Electromagnetic Interference in Microcontrollers Using the Instability of an Embedded Phase-Lock Loop

April 2013

This paper presents a combined hardware-software mechanism for the detection of electromagnetic interference of a microcontroller (μC) in daily usage. This detection mechanism is based on the instability of phase-lock loop embedded in the target μC. It can detect the presence of EMI with higher sensitivity than polling the hardware status of the μC internal registers and thus provides a better detection margin within the 10 kHz to 1 GHz EMI frequency range. Despite its relative slowness and its resource consumption, it is very robust, can be implemented in virtually any application software, and does not require any electromagnetic compatibility test equipment.

Vertical Stepped Impedance EBG (VSI-EBG) Structure for Wideband Suppression of Simultaneous Switching Noise in Multilayer PCBs

April 2013

In this paper, we propose a vertical stepped impedance electromagnetic bandgap (VSI-EBG) structure with a stopband enhancement and a size reduction for a wideband suppression of simultaneous switching noise (SSN) coupling in multilayer printed circuit boards (PCBs). The proposed VSI-EBG structure forms the stepped impedance EBG structure of power planes, which is implemented with a vertical branch, high-impedance (hi-Z) and low-impedance (low-Z) metal patches on different layers. Test vehicles are fabricated using a multilayer PCB process to verify the proposed VSI-EBG structure. Through experimental measurements, we verified the enhanced suppression of SSN coupling (below -40 dB) between 650 MHz and 20 GHz. In addition, we demonstrated that fL is reduced from 2.4 GHz to 650 MHz compared to the previous EBG structure, which allows an approximately 86% size reduction.

Pseudo-balanced Signaling Using Power Transmission Lines for Parallel I/O Links

April 2013

The performance of a system depends heavily on the communication speed between integrated circuits. Single-ended signaling is widely used for memory interface, but it suffers from simultaneous switching noise, crosstalk, and reference voltage noise. Even with other signaling schemes that remedy the shortcomings of the singled-ended signaling, there still is a limitation in terms of noise reduction due to the power delivery network (PDN). These include techniques such as differential signaling. The disruption between the power and ground planes based on the low target impedance concept induces return path discontinuities during the data transitions, which create displacement current sources between the power and ground planes. These sources induce excessive power supply noise which can only be reduced by increasing the capacitance requirements. The new PDN design proposed in this paper using power transmission lines (PTLs) enables both power and signal transmission lines to be referenced to the same ground plane so that a continuous current path can be formed. A modified balanced signaling scheme is applied to PTL, and called as pseudo-balanced PTL (PBPTL). The PBPTL scheme reduces the overhead caused by the conventional balanced signaling scheme and addresses the issues associated with PTL. Extensive simulations and measurements are shown using the PTL approach to demonstrate the enhanced signal integrity as compared to the currently practiced approaches.

Low-Frequency Dominant-Mode Propagation in Spatially Dispersive Graphene Nanowaveguides

April 2013

Dispersion properties of the dominant modes supported by different 2-D graphene-based nanowaveguides are studied by means of an exact approach based on the transverse-resonance technique and using an equivalent-circuit representation of graphene sheets which also takes into account the spatially dispersive nature of the graphene conductivity: it is quantitatively shown that neglecting spatial-dispersion effects can cause errors in the determination of the modal properties of extremely slow surface waves, also well below the terahertz regime. The modal features of graphene nanowaveguides are thus investigated in detail showing their potential in future nanoelectromagnetic and nanophotonic applications.

Electromagnetic Field Coupling to a Thin Wire Located Symmetrically Inside a Rectangular Enclosure

April 2013

This paper calculates the current in a conductor inside a cavity, which is induced by lumped and distributed sources. The current is obtained both analytically (Green's function method) and numerically (multilevel fast multipole method). A long parallel wire is chosen that connects two opposite walls of a rectangular resonator. Since the conductor preserves the translational symmetry of the resonator in one principal direction, the current and the total exciting electrical field can be derived from spatial Fourier series formulations. The obtained results clearly show the influence of the walls on the induced current. Resonance peaks of the resonator, which do not arise in normal electromagnetic compatibility laboratory tests, occurred in the current spectra. The numerical results agree very well with the analytical ones; however, the results are obtained much faster using the analytical formulae (by a factor of 1000).

An Original Approach Based on Data Exchange Between Car Manufacturers and Suppliers to Estimate Susceptibility Threshold by Numerical Simulation at Early Design Stage

April 2013

This study is a result of a close partnership between a car manufacturer and an automotive component supplier. The aim is to develop electromagnetic compatibility models, i.e., immunity models to predict real-world system failure conditions that can occur inside a vehicle. For the study, we selected an interface that manages air-conditioning inside a vehicle recently put on the market. The system model is submitted by an equipment supplier as a compilation of input impedances and threshold transmitted powers causing a malfunction. The predefined model is then used by a car manufacturer on vehicle-level electromagnetic compatibility simulation, by taking into account the harness configuration and the system placement inside the vehicle cab and chassis. In this paper, we detail the complete method and demonstrate its validity.

The Slow-Varying Electric Field of Negative Upward Lightning Initiated by the Peissenberg Tower, Germany

April 2013

This paper analyzes the slow-varying electric fields and the associated currents of a total of 35 negative upward lightning initiated by the Peissenberg tower, Germany. Thirty-four of which were from winter upward lightning and only one from summer upward lightning. It appears that all of the winter upward lightning were initiated without nearby preceding lightning activity (called “self-initiated” lightning) and only the summer lightning was triggered by nearby lightning activity (called “other-triggered” lightning). The slow-varying electric fields of the winter upward lightning showed a fast rise characterized by the 10-90% risetime, with an arithmetic mean of 13.8 ms. After attaining the maximum, the electric field turned into a slow decay being characterized by the time on half value which was evaluated to having the arithmetic mean of 441 ms. Transported charges to ground were on average 44.8 C and on maximum 165 C. The maximum value of the electric field was 39.9 kV/m on average, with the highest value being 64.5 kV/m. For the electric fields, higher values were prevented by recovery effects such as the corona from objects at ground and the redistribution of the charge in the thundercloud. Due to these effects, no or only weak correlations were found between the 10-90% risetime, the time on half value, the charge, and the maximum of the electric field. From additional measurements with a field mill, it was found that the electric field recovers to the starting level within some seconds.

On the Validity of Approximate Formulas for the Evaluation of the Lightning Electromagnetic Fields in the Presence of a Lossy Ground

April 2013

The accuracy of approximate formulas for the evaluation of lightning electromagnetic fields above and inside a lossy ground is investigated taking as reference full-wave numerical results obtained using a parallel implementation of the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. The return stroke channel is modeled using the antenna theory model with fixed inductive loading which is appropriately incorporated into the FDTD algorithm. First, the validity of the Cooray-Rubinstein (CR) formula for the evaluation of above-ground horizontal electric field is evaluated. The obtained results confirm the recent findings of Cooray according to which it is important to include propagation effects over a lossy ground in the magnetic field used in the CR formula, except at very close distance ranges for which propagation effects can be neglected. Second, we test the validity of the Cooray formula for the evaluation of underground horizontal electric fields. The Cooray formula allows for the evaluation of the underground horizontal electric field starting from the horizontal electric field at the air-soil interface. This latter can be calculated using either 1) the original CR formula in which the magnetic field at ground level is evaluated assuming the ground as a perfect conductor or 2) taking into account propagation effects in the computation of the magnetic field. We show that the assumption of a perfectly conducting ground for the evaluation of the magnetic field at ground level might lead to inaccuracies in the Cooray formula. However, the use of the Cooray formula taking into account propagation effects in the computation of the magnetic field results in acceptable predictions of the underground horizontal electric fields.

A Time-Domain Method for the Horizontal Electric Field Calculation at the Surface of Two-Layer Earth Due to Lightning

April 2013

This paper presents a time-domain method for the calculation of the horizontal electric field at the earth surface due to lightning, when the earth structure is made up of two parallel horizontal layers of finitely conducting earth. The method is based on the assessment of the electric field at the surface considering the earth as homogeneous and with the electrical parameters of the first layer. The contribution of the second layer is considered by computing the waves reflected from the boundary between the layers, after they have propagated through the first layer. The paper also shows that the displacement currents could be neglected during the wave reflection, which leads to a simple expression for the reflection coefficient. The results from the method presented in this paper agree with results calculated using a known frequency-domain expression.

Lightning-Induced Current Simulation Using RL Equivalent Circuit: Application to an Aircraft Subsystem Design

April 2013

Full-wave EM simulation techniques such as finite-difference time domain (FDTD) are generally used for the calculation of lightning-induced current redistribution on complex 3-D geometries. For slow lightning waveforms, such techniques are not compatible with sensitivity analysis due to heavy preprocessing and calculation constraints. As an alternative, this paper presents an equivalent electric circuit method in which the 3-D geometry is described by conductive segments only on which resistance, self-inductance, and mutual inductance are calculated with analytical formulas. Here, this method, once known as “stick model” method, has been applied for the calculation of the lightning-induced currents on an A320 aircraft landing gear. The results have been compared with an FDTD simulation and with laboratory measurements. They demonstrate that the overall simulation cost is extremely reduced compared to FDTD while they maintain the same degree of accuracy. This paper shows how this equivalent circuit method is appropriate for design processes in which parametric calculations performed in a reasonable time are required.

A New ANN-Based Modeling Approach for Rapid EMI/EMC Analysis of PCB and Shielding Enclosures

April 2013

This paper introduces a new artificial neural networks (ANNs)-based reverse-modeling approach for efficient electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) analysis of printed circuit boards (PCBs) and shielding enclosures. The proposed approach improves the accuracy of conventional or standard neural models by reversing the input-output variables in a systematic manner, while keeping the model structures simple relative to complex knowledge-based ANNs (e.g., KBNNs). The approach facilitates accurate and fast neural network modeling of realistic EMC scenarios where training data are expensive and sparse. To establish accuracy, efficiency, and feasibility of the proposed reverse-modeling approach, PCB structures such as perforated surface-mount shields and partially shielded PCB traces are treated as proof-of-concept examples. Although the modeling examples presented in the paper are based on training data from EM simulations, the approach is generic and hence valid for EMC modeling based on the measurement data. The approach is particularly useful in the electronic manufacturing industry where PCB layouts are frequently reused with minor modifications to the existing time-tested designs.

Electromagnetic Interference Analysis of Multiconductor Transmission Line Networks Using Longitudinal Partitioning-Based Waveform Relaxation Algorithm

April 2013

With the use of low powered devices, susceptibility of high-speed interconnects to electromagnetic interference (EMI) is becoming a critical aspect of signal integrity analysis. For modeling the EMI in time domain, commercial circuit simulators like SPICE typically use longitudinal segmentation methodologies to discretize the interconnect network. For long lines as found in printed circuit board or cables, a large number of longitudinal segments are required to capture the response of the network leading to inefficient simulations. In this study, a waveform relaxation (WR) algorithm for the efficient EMI analysis of multiconductor transmission line networks is presented. Techniques to compress the size of the subcircuits, reduce communication overheads, and accelerate the convergence of the WR iterations are provided. The overall algorithm is demonstrated to be highly parallelizable and exhibits good scaling with both the size of the network involved and the number of central processing units available.

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April 2013

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April 2013

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IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility information for authors

April 2013

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April 2013

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Electromagnetic Compatibility, IEEE Transactions on - new TOC

Table of Contents

IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility publication information

Radiated Immunity in Reverberation and Semianechoic Rooms: Conditions for Equivalence

On Measuring Shielding Effectiveness of Sparsely Moded Enclosures in a Reverberation Chamber

Low-Capacitance SCR Structure for RF I/O Application

Fast Reconstitution Method (FRM) to Compute the Broadband Spectrum of Common Mode Conducted Disturbances

A Simple Method of Estimating the Radiated Emission From a Cable Attached to a Mobile Device

Evaluation of Wireless Resonant Power Transfer Systems With Human Electromagnetic Exposure Limits

Field Evaluation of the Human Exposure From Multiband, Multisystem Mobile Phones

Temperature Rise Induced by Wire and Planar Antennas in a High-Resolution Human Head Model

Detection of Electromagnetic Interference in Microcontrollers Using the Instability of an Embedded Phase-Lock Loop

Vertical Stepped Impedance EBG (VSI-EBG) Structure for Wideband Suppression of Simultaneous Switching Noise in Multilayer PCBs

Pseudo-balanced Signaling Using Power Transmission Lines for Parallel I/O Links

Low-Frequency Dominant-Mode Propagation in Spatially Dispersive Graphene Nanowaveguides

Electromagnetic Field Coupling to a Thin Wire Located Symmetrically Inside a Rectangular Enclosure

An Original Approach Based on Data Exchange Between Car Manufacturers and Suppliers to Estimate Susceptibility Threshold by Numerical Simulation at Early Design Stage

The Slow-Varying Electric Field of Negative Upward Lightning Initiated by the Peissenberg Tower, Germany

On the Validity of Approximate Formulas for the Evaluation of the Lightning Electromagnetic Fields in the Presence of a Lossy Ground

A Time-Domain Method for the Horizontal Electric Field Calculation at the Surface of Two-Layer Earth Due to Lightning

Lightning-Induced Current Simulation Using RL Equivalent Circuit: Application to an Aircraft Subsystem Design

A New ANN-Based Modeling Approach for Rapid EMI/EMC Analysis of PCB and Shielding Enclosures

Electromagnetic Interference Analysis of Multiconductor Transmission Line Networks Using Longitudinal Partitioning-Based Waveform Relaxation Algorithm

IEEE Member digital library

IEEE Xplore Digital Library

IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility information for authors

IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility institutional listings