Line emission from molybdenum high energy density plasma benchmarked with EBIT experiments

One of the first questions that should be considered to adequately describe radiation of high Z ions from High Energy Density (HED) plasmas and from even more extreme environments is: “How can we calculate and, most importantly, validate atomic properties and spectra of complex, high Z, highly charged ions in non-equilibrium as a function of plasma parameters and electron distribution function?” To contribute to answering this challenging question, we present a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of the line emission from Mo HED plasmas benchmarked with LLNL EBIT data. Though there were some studies of Mo line radiation from pulsed power plasmas produced at UNR, Cornel University, and SNL before, there was no benchmarking with EBIT data. The analysis of X-ray spectra from high-Z HED plasma is always a very challenging topic because of contributions from numerous ionization stages and from multiple atomic processes in the plasma, such as, for example, dielectronic recombination, that is impossible to resolve in a rather narrow spectral range. We performed two types of Mo experiments at both the LLNL EBIT and at the Z-pinch generator at NTF/UNR to study line radiation in a spectral range between 3.5 and 5.5 Å. In particular, benchmarking experiments at the LLNL EBIT with Mo ions produced at electron beam energies from 2.75 keV up to 15 keV allowed us to break down these very complicated spectra into spectra with only few ionization stages and to select processes that influence them. The EBIT data were recorded using the EBIT Calorimeter Spectrometer and a crystal spectrometer with a Ge crystal. X-ray Mo spectra and pinhole images were collected from Z-pinch plasmas produced from various wire loads to provide different levels of opacity and electron beam effects. Non-LTE modeling and high-precision relativistic data were used to analyze L-shell Mo spectra from both experimental campaigns: an almost monoenergetic electron distribution function (EDF) for EBIT data and Maxwellian and non-Maxwellian EDFs for modeling of HED plasma spectra. The influence of different plasma processes including electron beams on Mo line radiation is summarized.